<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:hal="http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/" xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/" xmlns:gmlce="http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/ce" version="1.1" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0 http://api.archives-ouvertes.fr/documents/aofr-sword.xsd">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title>HAL TEI export of hal-01497085</title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <distributor>CCSD</distributor>
        <availability status="restricted">
          <licence target="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">CC0 1.0 - Universal</licence>
        </availability>
        <date when="2026-05-19T16:48:19+02:00"/>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p part="N">HAL API Platform</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblFull>
          <titleStmt>
            <title xml:lang="en">Is law normalizing Hybrid Organizations? Putting profit-with-purpose corporations into historical perspective</title>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Kevin</forename>
                <surname>Levillain</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">8668dcb133f88281097044e75f5d728c</email>
              <email type="domain">mines-paristech.fr</email>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="string">kevin-levillain</idno>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">3468</idno>
              <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">15908-3468</idno>
              <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7793-3031</idno>
              <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/184342317</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-39111"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Blanche</forename>
                <surname>Segrestin</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">2f3694bd62a243445a9f227885604df5</email>
              <email type="domain">mines-paristech.fr</email>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="string">blanche.segrestin</idno>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">1113</idno>
              <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">13673-1113</idno>
              <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6821-7850</idno>
              <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/067239439</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-39111"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Armand</forename>
                <surname>Hatchuel</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">da1e42078fa51f8684215a54dc2bd26e</email>
              <email type="domain">mines-paristech.fr</email>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="string">armand-hatchuel</idno>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">3386</idno>
              <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">18073-3386</idno>
              <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/029799759</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-39111"/>
            </author>
            <editor role="depositor">
              <persName>
                <forename>Kevin</forename>
                <surname>Levillain</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">46ae68b5c94995b531086d57e8c3711f</email>
              <email type="domain">minesparis.psl.eu</email>
            </editor>
            <funder ref="#projanr-41293"/>
          </titleStmt>
          <editionStmt>
            <edition n="v1" type="current">
              <date type="whenSubmitted">2017-03-28 11:48:24</date>
              <date type="whenModified">2026-01-09 09:44:03</date>
              <date type="whenReleased">2017-03-31 14:02:09</date>
              <date type="whenProduced">2017-06</date>
              <date type="whenEndEmbargoed">2017-03-28</date>
              <ref type="file" target="https://minesparis-psl.hal.science/hal-01497085v1/document">
                <date notBefore="2017-03-28"/>
              </ref>
              <ref type="file" subtype="author" n="1" target="https://minesparis-psl.hal.science/hal-01497085v1/file/EURAM%202017%20-%20Levillain%20et%20al%20-%20Is%20Law%20normalizing%20Hybrid%20Org%20vdiff.pdf" id="file-1497085-1560975">
                <date notBefore="2017-03-28"/>
              </ref>
            </edition>
            <respStmt>
              <resp>contributor</resp>
              <name key="172690">
                <persName>
                  <forename>Kevin</forename>
                  <surname>Levillain</surname>
                </persName>
                <email type="md5">46ae68b5c94995b531086d57e8c3711f</email>
                <email type="domain">minesparis.psl.eu</email>
              </name>
            </respStmt>
          </editionStmt>
          <publicationStmt>
            <distributor>CCSD</distributor>
            <idno type="halId">hal-01497085</idno>
            <idno type="halUri">https://minesparis-psl.hal.science/hal-01497085</idno>
            <idno type="halBibtex">levillain:hal-01497085</idno>
            <idno type="halRefHtml">&lt;i&gt;European Academy of Management&lt;/i&gt;, Jun 2017, Glasgow, United Kingdom</idno>
            <idno type="halRef">European Academy of Management, Jun 2017, Glasgow, United Kingdom</idno>
            <availability status="restricted">
              <licence target="https://about.hal.science/hal-authorisation-v1/">HAL Authorization<ref corresp="#file-1497085-1560975"/></licence>
            </availability>
          </publicationStmt>
          <seriesStmt>
            <idno type="stamp" n="SHS">Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="ENSMP" corresp="PARISTECH">MINES ParisTech</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="CNRS">CNRS - Centre national de la recherche scientifique</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="ENSMP_CGS" corresp="ENSMP">Gestion scientifique (CGS)</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="PARISTECH">ParisTech</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="PSL">Université Paris sciences et lettres</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="ENSMP_DEP_EMS" corresp="ENSMP">Département Economie, management et société</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="ENSMP_DR" corresp="ENSMP">ENSMP_DR</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="ENSMP_CGS-ERI1" corresp="ENSMP_CGS">CGS-ERI1</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="ENSMP_CGS-ERI3" corresp="ENSMP_CGS">ENSMP_CGS-ERI3</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="ENSMP_CGS_TMCI" corresp="ENSMP_CGS">ENSMP_CGS_TMCI</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="ENSMP_CGS_TE" corresp="ENSMP_CGS">ENSMP_CGS_TE</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="ENSMP-PSL" corresp="PSL">MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="ANR">ANR</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="ENSMP_I3">Collection</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="UMR_I3">Institut Interdisciplinaire de l'Innovation</idno>
          </seriesStmt>
          <notesStmt>
            <note type="audience" n="2">International</note>
            <note type="invited" n="0">No</note>
            <note type="popular" n="0">No</note>
            <note type="peer" n="1">Yes</note>
            <note type="proceedings" n="1">Yes</note>
          </notesStmt>
          <sourceDesc>
            <biblStruct>
              <analytic>
                <title xml:lang="en">Is law normalizing Hybrid Organizations? Putting profit-with-purpose corporations into historical perspective</title>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Kevin</forename>
                    <surname>Levillain</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <email type="md5">8668dcb133f88281097044e75f5d728c</email>
                  <email type="domain">mines-paristech.fr</email>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="string">kevin-levillain</idno>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">3468</idno>
                  <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">15908-3468</idno>
                  <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7793-3031</idno>
                  <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/184342317</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-39111"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Blanche</forename>
                    <surname>Segrestin</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <email type="md5">2f3694bd62a243445a9f227885604df5</email>
                  <email type="domain">mines-paristech.fr</email>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="string">blanche.segrestin</idno>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">1113</idno>
                  <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">13673-1113</idno>
                  <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6821-7850</idno>
                  <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/067239439</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-39111"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Armand</forename>
                    <surname>Hatchuel</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <email type="md5">da1e42078fa51f8684215a54dc2bd26e</email>
                  <email type="domain">mines-paristech.fr</email>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="string">armand-hatchuel</idno>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">3386</idno>
                  <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">18073-3386</idno>
                  <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/029799759</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-39111"/>
                </author>
              </analytic>
              <monogr>
                <title level="m">European Academy of Management proceedings</title>
                <meeting>
                  <title>European Academy of Management</title>
                  <date type="start">2017-06</date>
                  <settlement>Glasgow</settlement>
                  <country key="GB">United Kingdom</country>
                </meeting>
                <imprint/>
              </monogr>
            </biblStruct>
          </sourceDesc>
          <profileDesc>
            <langUsage>
              <language ident="en">English</language>
            </langUsage>
            <textClass>
              <keywords scheme="author">
                <term xml:lang="en">Corporate law</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Hybrid organizations</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Profit-with-purpose Corporations</term>
              </keywords>
              <classCode scheme="halDomain" n="shs.gestion">Humanities and Social Sciences/Business administration</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halTypology" n="COMM">Conference papers</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halOldTypology" n="COMM">Conference papers</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halTreeTypology" n="COMM">Conference papers</classCode>
            </textClass>
            <abstract xml:lang="en">
              <p>Among other challenges, hybrid organizations face a legal one as the law divides organizations into nonprofit and for-profit structures. For a few years however, new legal forms of corporations have emerged, whose claim is to overcome this challenge: profit-with-purpose corporations (PPCs), such as the Benefit Corporation. In this paper, we investigate how these innovative legal provisions have been designed to help solving this legal challenge, in a two-step process. First, we reexamine the origins of the legal divide through an historical analysis of the separation of UK and US corporations into two legal categories. We show that although early corporations were, in essence, profit-with-purpose organizations, business corporations have difficulties today to defend a public interest orientation because of a major shift in corporate governance that occurred in the 19 th century: the disappearance of corporate charters demanding public interest purposes, which led to hand the control of corporations over to shareholders through the generalization of fiduciary duties imported from unincorporated businesses' governance. Second, we exhibit the design process of PPCs to help solving this divide. We show that PPCs propose a way to " shift back ", yet not by restoring control by the State, but by reintroducing the corporate purpose into legal documents, and designing accountability mechanisms to control multiple purposes. We argue that studying the emergence of legal structures for profit-with-purpose organizations may open new avenues for research on hybrid organizations.</p>
            </abstract>
          </profileDesc>
        </biblFull>
      </listBibl>
    </body>
    <back>
      <listOrg type="structures">
        <org type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-39111" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">026408805</idno>
          <idno type="RNSR">196720612C</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/003y0kg83</idno>
          <orgName>Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">CGS i3</orgName>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>60, bd Saint Michel 75272 Paris Cedex 06</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-301492" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-564132" type="indirect"/>
            <relation active="#struct-1159016" type="direct"/>
            <relation name="UMR9217" active="#struct-441569" type="indirect"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-301492" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">026375249</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/04y8cs423</idno>
          <orgName>Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris)</orgName>
          <date type="start">1783-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>60, boulevard Saint-Michel 75006 Paris</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.minesparis.psl.eu/</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-564132" type="direct"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="regroupinstitution" xml:id="struct-564132" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">241597595</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">0000 0004 1784 3645</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/013cjyk83</idno>
          <orgName>Université Paris Sciences et Lettres</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">PSL</orgName>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>60 rue Mazarine 75006 Paris</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.psl.eu/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="regrouplaboratory" xml:id="struct-1159016" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">193951878</idno>
          <idno type="RNSR">201521699A</idno>
          <idno type="Wikidata">Q47531699</idno>
          <orgName>Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">I3</orgName>
          <date type="start">2015-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>828 boulevard des Maréchaux, 91762 Palaiseau Cedex</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://i3.cnrs.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation name="UMR9217" active="#struct-441569" type="direct"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="regroupinstitution" xml:id="struct-441569" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">02636817X</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">0000000122597504</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/02feahw73</idno>
          <orgName>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">CNRS</orgName>
          <date type="start">1939-10-19</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.cnrs.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
      </listOrg>
      <listOrg type="projects">
        <org type="anrProject" xml:id="projanr-41293" status="VALID">
          <idno type="anr">ANR-14-CE29-0008</idno>
          <idno type="program">Appel à projets générique</idno>
          <orgName>IMpACT</orgName>
          <desc>Travail Institutionnel, Management et Catégories Légales</desc>
          <date type="start">2014</date>
        </org>
      </listOrg>
    </back>
  </text>
</TEI>