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              <p>Energy issues, such as greenhouses gas (GHG) emissions, resource scarcity and energy independency, are challenging the way we currently produce, transport and consume energy. For the long term, the EU has proposed a “Roadmap for moving to a competitive low-carbon economy in 2050”, which aims at an 80% to 95% reduction in GHG emissions compared to 1990. To achieve this goal, the main focus will be on renewable energy sources and the electrification of energy consumption. In the EU, the electricity and heat sectors accounted for 32% of total CO2 emissions in 2008 making them the leading source of CO2 emissions. This sector is also considered to be a main driver for reducing CO2 emissions. We propose here to explore technical options for the integration of renewable energy in power systems with a focus on reliability issues. We will rely on energy planning models, such as the TIMES family, which are useful tools to provide plausible options for the long-term development of power systems. We also developed a model based on a thermodynamical description of power systems that enables the assessment of power system reliability</p>
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