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                <term xml:lang="en">internet governance</term>
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              <p>Recent evolutions of the Internet and of its global economic value are increasingly placing it at the forefront of economic and political power relations. If the Internet is designed so as to circumvent centralized control, power relations are by no means absent from its management, and pose questions wider than technical evolution. This article introduces and discusses current debates on net neutrality in the frame of broader reflections on Internet governance, seeking to demonstrate how the issue, born as a technical debate on the transport layer--the ways in which data packets circulate in the network--turns into an economic debate concerning the funding of infrastructure and IT industries' respective roles, and ultimately entails questions of fundamental liberties, multi-stakeholder governance, and technical democracy. Furthermore, in order to obtain a better grasp of the United States' past and current role in Internet governance, the article aims to demonstrate how this debate, started as an American one and having reached Europe in the second half of the 2000s, has acquired national connotations that shed light on the various positions in this controversy, at the local and global scales.</p>
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              <p>Les évolutions récentes de l'Internet et de sa valeur économique globale placent le " réseau des réseaux " au cœur de rapports de force économiques et politiques. Si l'Internet est conçu de manière à éviter le contrôle centralisé, les relations de pouvoir sont loin d'être absentes de sa gestion et posent des questions plus larges que la seule évolution technique. Cet article présente les débats actuels sur la neutralité du net dans le cadre plus large des réflexions sur la gouvernance de l'Internet, en cherchant à montrer comment le problème, concernant un débat technique sur la couche transport, se transforme en un débat économique sur le financement des infrastructures et sur les rôles respectifs des industries IT, pour atteindre enfin des questions de libertés fondamentales, de gouvernance multi-acteurs et de démocratie technique. Afin de mieux saisir la place des États-Unis dans la gouvernance de l'Internet, l'article montre comment ce débat, parti des États-Unis pour atteindre l'Europe dans la seconde moitié des années 2000, connaît des nuances nationales, qui éclairent les différentes formes et réponses à cette controverse, de l'échelle locale à l'échelle mondiale.</p>
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